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Foreign relations of Tajikistan

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Politics of Tajikistan

Commonwealth of Independent States CIS Member State

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Foreign relations of Tajikistan are based on a desire to secure foreign investment and promote regional security while ensuring Tajikistan's independence. Sirodjidin Aslov is the current Foreign’s Minister of Tajikistan.[1]

Disputes

[edit]

Outstanding boundary negotiations include talks begun with Uzbekistan to demine and delimit borders; however, disputes in Isfara Valley delay completion of delimitation with Kyrgyzstan.[2]

Diplomatic relations

[edit]

List of countries which Tajikistan maintains diplomatic relations with:

# Country Date[3]
1  Australia 26 December 1991
2  China 4 January 1992
3  Iran 9 January 1992
4  Mexico 12 January 1992
5  United Kingdom 15 January 1992
6  Denmark 21 January 1992
7  Turkey 29 January 1992
8  Japan 2 February 1992
9  North Korea 5 February 1992
10  Poland 11 February 1992
11  United States 14 February 1992
12  Saudi Arabia 22 February 1992
13  Finland 26 February 1992
14  Cyprus 27 February 1992
15  Germany 28 February 1992
16  Bangladesh 1 March 1992
17  France 1 March 1992
—  State of Palestine 6 March 1992
18  Malaysia 11 March 1992
19  Austria 25 March 1992
20  Cuba 25 March 1992
21  Philippines 25 March 1992
22  Israel 26 March 1992
23  Canada 28 March 1992
24  Syria 29 March 1992
25  Russia 8 April 1992
26  Mongolia 24 April 1992
27  Ukraine 24 April 1992
28  South Korea 27 April 1992
29  Belgium 29 April 1992
30  South Africa 5 May 1992
31  Italy 15 May 1992
32  Luxembourg 22 May 1992
33  Azerbaijan 29 May 1992
34  Czech Republic 5 June 1992
35  Pakistan 6 June 1992
36  Norway 29 June 1992
37  Hungary 2 July 1992
38  Vietnam 14 July 1992
39  Afghanistan 15 July 1992
40  Romania 20 July 1992
41  Netherlands 27 July 1992
42  Portugal 4 August 1992
43  Spain 4 August 1992
44  Thailand 5 August 1992
45  Lithuania 13 August 1992
46  India 28 August 1992
47  Greece 30 September 1992
48  Armenia 12 October 1992
49  Uzbekistan 22 October 1992
50  Sweden 9 December 1992
51   Switzerland 9 December 1992
52  Kazakhstan 7 January 1993
53  Kyrgyzstan 14 January 1993
54  Moldova 26 January 1993
55  Turkmenistan 27 January 1993
56  Slovakia 4 February 1993
57  Chad 27 February 1993
58  Egypt 1 April 1993
59  Madagascar 12 June 1993
60  Bulgaria 14 June 1993
61  Maldives 6 October 1993
62  Mali 15 October 1993
63  Ghana 2 November 1993
64  Albania 22 December 1993
65  Guinea 27 December 1993
66  Latvia 5 April 1994
67  Georgia 4 August 1994
68  Indonesia 27 August 1994
69  Qatar 13 December 1994
70  Morocco 15 December 1994
71  Kuwait 31 March 1995
72  Bahrain 20 May 1995
73  Zambia 31 October 1995
74  Serbia 8 November 1995
75  Cambodia 29 November 1995
76  Iraq 30 November 1995
77  Singapore 8 December 1995
78  United Arab Emirates 18 December 1995
79  North Macedonia 4 January 1996
80  Brazil 29 March 1996
—  Holy See 15 June 1996
81  Lebanon 21 June 1996
82  Bolivia 9 August 1996
83  Belarus 5 September 1996
84  Bosnia and Herzegovina 12 January 1997
85  Yemen 25 February 1997
86  Algeria 10 June 1997
87  Laos 1 October 1997
88  Libya 27 April 1998
89  Uruguay 1 October 1998
90  Croatia 1 April 1999
91  El Salvador 7 April 1999
92  Myanmar 29 September 1999
93  Peru 21 January 2000
94  Ireland 18 July 2000
95  Costa Rica 28 February 2001
96  Sri Lanka 26 April 2001
—  Sovereign Military Order of Malta 1 June 2001
97  Argentina 14 September 2001
98  Slovenia 4 April 2002
99  Brunei 2 June 2004
100  Somalia 28 July 2004
101  Chile 15 December 2004
102  Uganda 8 September 2005
103    Nepal 13 September 2005
104  Sudan 17 September 2005
105  Eritrea 19 September 2005
106  East Timor 4 October 2005
107  Venezuela 5 October 2005
108  Saint Lucia 5 October 2005
109  Iceland 14 February 2006
110  Estonia 23 February 2006
111  Cameroon 3 March 2006
112  Tunisia 19 June 2006
113  Montenegro 3 August 2006
114  Guatemala 22 August 2006
115  Paraguay 30 August 2006
116  Malta 25 September 2007
117  Andorra 9 November 2007
118  Oman 15 November 2007
119  Liechtenstein 28 January 2008
120  Marshall Islands 18 February 2010
121  Dominican Republic 25 May 2010
122  Fiji 20 July 2010
123  Antigua and Barbuda 12 April 2011
124  Dominica 13 April 2011
125  Benin 8 July 2011
126  Tuvalu 1 September 2011
127  Burkina Faso 12 January 2012
128  Jordan 13 January 2012[4]
129  Solomon Islands 21 February 2012
130  Ethiopia 3 July 2012
131  Colombia 5 October 2012
132  New Zealand 5 April 2013
133  Bhutan 24 January 2013[5]
134  Mozambique 5 September 2013
135  Ivory Coast 2 March 2016
136  Togo 2 March 2016
137  Haiti 9 March 2016
138  Nicaragua 30 March 2016
139  Ecuador 12 July 2016
140  Monaco 13 January 2017
141  Djibouti 17 March 2017
142  Mauritius 10 May 2017
143  Republic of the Congo 13 June 2017
144  Niger 26 August 2017
145  Grenada 13 October 2017
146  Bahamas 5 December 2017
147  Jamaica 11 December 2017
148  Gambia 18 December 2017
149  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 18 December 2017
150  Nauru 20 December 2017
151  Belize 21 December 2017
152  Samoa 22 December 2017
153  Seychelles 28 December 2017
154  Zimbabwe 28 December 2017
155  Federated States of Micronesia 29 January 2018
156  Palau 30 January 2018
157  Central African Republic 15 February 2018
158  Panama 29 March 2018
159  Equatorial Guinea 21 May 2018
160  Cape Verde 7 June 2018
161  Saint Kitts and Nevis 7 June 2018
162  Rwanda 30 July 2018
163  San Marino 3 August 2018
164  Vanuatu 16 August 2018
165  Comoros 17 August 2018
166  São Tomé and Príncipe 24 August 2018
167  Senegal 24 August 2018
168  Suriname 2 October 2018
169  Burundi 18 October 2018
170  Eswatini 12 November 2018
171  Kiribati 5 April 2019
172  Kenya 6 August 2019
173  Barbados 8 November 2019
174  Sierra Leone 2 October 2020
175  Angola 5 October 2020
176  Trinidad and Tobago 26 February 2021
177  Mauritania 21 September 2021
178  Guyana 19 September 2022
179  Liberia 21 September 2022
180  Tonga 10 February 2023
181  Botswana 6 December 2023
182  Namibia 26 September 2024[6]
183  Guinea-Bissau 27 September 2024[7]

Bilateral relations

[edit]
Country Formal relations began Notes
 Afghanistan
Main article: Afghanistan–Tajikistan relations

Relations with neighboring Afghanistan began in 1992 and are generally satisfactory. The areas which form the two countries were once connected, especially during the Samanid, Ghaznavid, and Timurid periods. After a friendship treaty in 1750 between Ahmad Shah Durrani of Afghanistan and Mohammad Murad Beg of Bukhara, the Amu Darya (Oxus River) became the official border of Afghanistan. The Persian language is widely used in both countries, and there are slightly more Tajiks in Afghanistan than Tajikistan.[8]

In January 2007, with funding from the United States, Afghanistan and Tajikistan opened a bridge over the Pyanj River linking the two countries. Although the goal is to improve trade, the president of Tajikistan expressed concern that it could also increase drug traffic.[9] In March 2008, Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan issued a joint communique for expanding economic and cultural relations, including improving security.[10] In January 2009, the Afghan government agreed that Tajikistan owned 3,000 hectares of disputed land along the Pyanj River. The issue arose when the river shifted course, leaving several Tajik cotton fields on the Afghan side of the river.[11]

 Andorra 9 November 2007
 Armenia 21 October 1992
Main article: Armenia–Tajikistan relations
 Australia

Australia is represented in Tajikistan by its embassy in Moscow.[17]

 Austria
  • Austria is accredited to Tajikistan from its embassy in Astana, Kazakhstan.
  • Tajikistan has an embassy in Vienna.
 Azerbaijan

Although both member of CIS, the economic relations between Azerbaijan and Tajikistan stays at a marginal level. However, in July 2012, Tajik Aluminium Company (TALCO) and Azerbaijani company Azeraluminium signed a cooperation agreement during the official visit of the President of the Republic of Tajikistan Emomali Rahmon to the Republic of Azerbaijan for the construction of an oil refinery in the south of Tajikistan.[18]

 Bangladesh 1 March 1992
Main article: Bangladesh–Tajikistan relations
 Belize 21 December 2017

Both countries established diplomatic relations on December 21, 2017.[19]

 Bhutan 4 January 2013

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 January 2013.[20]

 Brazil 29 March 1996
  • Brazil is accredited to Tajikistan from its embassy in Islamabad, Pakistan.
  • Tajikistan does not have an embassy accredited to Brazil.
 Cambodia 29 November 1995
  • Cambodia embassy in Ankara, Turkey is presented for Tajikistan.
  • Tajikistan does not have an embassy accredited to Cambodia.
 Canada 1992
 China
Main article: China–Tajikistan relations

At the time of independence, portions of the Tajik boundary with the People's Republic of China were not defined. This boundary dispute was settled in agreements signed in 2002 that would cede 1,000 km2 of the Pamir mountain range to China in return for China relinquishing claims to 28,000 km2 of Tajik lands.

In 2016 the official press agency of the People's Republic of China announced that the state will set up an anti-terrorism alliance with Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan.[22]

 Croatia 1 April 1999
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 April 1999.[23][24]
  • Both countries are full members of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
 Cyprus
  • Both countries have a bilateral agreements on Cooperation in the Fields of Public Health and Medical Science.[25]
  • Both countries are full members of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
 Egypt 1 April 1993
  • Tajikistan has an embassy in Cairo.
 Estonia 2006
  • Tajikistan is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Minsk, Belarus.[26]
  • Both countries are full members of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
 Finland 26 February 1992
  • Tajikistan is accredited to Finland from its embassy in Minsk, Belarus.
 France
  • France has an embassy in Dushanbe.
  • Tajikistan has an embassy in Paris.
 Georgia
  • Georgia is represented in Tajikistan by its embassy in Tashkent.[27]
  • Tajikistan is represented in Georgia by its embassy in Baku.[28]
  • Both countries are full members of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
 Germany 1992
Main article: Germany–Tajikistan relations
  • Germany has an embassy in Dushanbe.
  • Tajikistan has an embassy in Berlin.
 Greece 1992 See Greece–Tajikistan relations
  • Greece is accredited to Tajikistan from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.[29]
  • Tajikistan is accredited to Greece from its embassy in Ankara, Turkey.
 Indonesia
  • Indonesia embassy in Astana (Kazakhstan) is presented for Tajikistan.
  • Tajikistan is represented in Indonesia via its embassy in Kuala Lumpur.
 India
Main article: India-Tajikistan relations

Diplomatic relations between India and Tajikistan were established soon after Tajikistan gained independence following the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union. Tajikistan occupies a strategically important position in Central Asia, bordering Afghanistan and the People's Republic of China and separated by a small strip of Afghan territory from Pakistan. India's role in fighting the Taliban and al-Qaeda and its strategic rivalry with both China and Pakistan have made its ties with Tajikistan important to its strategic and security policies. India's military presence and activities have been significant, beginning with India's extensive support to the anti-Taliban Afghan Northern Alliance (ANA).

In 2002, India undertook a US$10 million project to upgrade an old Soviet military base in Ayni, Tajikistan which would support the Northern Alliance forces.[30] The base also had a hospital to treat injured anti-Taliban forces.[31] India provided extensive counter-insurgency military training to Tajikistan and also supplied them with new aircraft.[32] In 2003, the two countries also held a military exercise, the first such war-game by Indian troops in Central Asia.[citation needed] Following the downfall of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan, the two countries signed a military agreement to increase military cooperation. Under this agreement, India has deployed 17 Mil Mi-17 helicopters and 150 Indian Army personnel at the Farkhor Air Base with a plan to deploy at least 12 IAF MiG-29s.[33][34]

Despite their common efforts, bilateral trade has been comparatively low, valued at US$12.09 million in 2005; India's exports to Tajikistan were valued at US$6.2 million and its imports at US$5.89 million.[35] A Tajik proposal to transmit electric power to India is currently under review.[36] India gave US$2 million worth emergency aid to Tajikistan during the 2008 Central Asia energy crisis.[37]

 Iran 1991
Main article: Iran–Tajikistan relations

Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, Tajikistan has enjoyed a close relationship with Iran, helped along via a shared Persian identity. Iran was the first nation to establish an embassy in Dushanbe. It was also one of the first countries to extend diplomatic recognition of the newly independent Tajikistan in 1991. Iran provided diplomatic assistance and built new mosques within Tajikistan. Due to the resurgence of Iranian culture within Tajikistan, Iran helped encourage cultural exchange through conferences, media, and film festivals. Iranian television programs, magazines, and books became increasingly common in Tajikistan.

However, despite the many things the nations have in common, there are also vast differences. Tajikistan's post communist government is secular while Iran's is Islamic. Furthermore, Iran is a predominantly Shia nation while Tajikistan is Sunni. The leading figures of the Islamic revival movement in Tajikistan have stated that Iran would not be a model for whatever Islamic government they advocate for Tajikistan.

As of 2011 Iran is the second largest investor in Tajikistan after China.

 Israel April 1992

Both countries established diplomatic relations in April 1992.[38]

 Kazakhstan 7 January 1993
Main article: Kazakhstan-Tajikistan relations
 Kyrgyzstan 14 January 1993
Main article: Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan relations
 Japan 2 February 1992

Diplomatic relations between Japan and Tajikistan were established on 2 February 1992. Japan opened an embassy at Dushanbe in January 2002, and Tajikistan opened an embassy in Tokyo in November 2007.[39]

 Laos
  • Laos embassy in Moscow (Russia) is presented for Tajikistan.
  • Tajikistan does not have an embassy accredited to Laos.
 Latvia 11 May 1994
  • Tajikistan is accredited to Latvia from its embassy in Minsk, Belarus.[40]
  • Both countries are full members of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
 Lithuania 13 April 1992
  • Tajikistan is accredited to Lithuania from its embassy in Minsk, Belarus.[41]
  • Both countries are full members of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
 Malaysia 11 March 1992
Main article: Malaysia–Tajikistan relations

Tajikistan has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur.[42]

 Malta 25 September 2007
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 September 2007.[43]
  • Both countries are full members of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
 Mexico 14 January 1992
 Mongolia 24 April 1992
  • Mongolia is accredited to Tajikistan from its embassy in Astana, Kazakhstan.
  • Tajikistan is accredited to Mongolia from its embassy in Astana, Kazakhstan.[45]
 Montenegro 23 August 2006.
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 August 2006.[46]
  • Both countries are full members of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
   Nepal 13 September 2005

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 September 2005.[47]

 Netherlands
  • the Netherlands is accredited to Tajikistan from its embassy in Astana, Kazakhstan.
  • Tajikistan is accredited to the Netherlands from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
 Pakistan
Main article: Pakistan–Tajikistan relations

Relations between the two states were established when the republic of Tajikistan became independent following the collapse of the USSR. Trade and cooperation has steadily grown between the two nations, with several summits being held on how to improve trade between the two nations.[48][49] Although relations between the two countries had been strained by the situation in Afghanistan which shares a border with both countries.[50]

In March 2008 Said Saidbaig, the Tajik Ambassador, announced that his country would be able to export cheap electricity to Pakistan and Iran.[51]

There are hundreds of thousands Tajiks living in Pakistan, although nearly all are from Afghanistan, not Tajikistan.

 Poland 11 February 1992
Main article: Poland–Tajikistan relations
  • Both countries are full members of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
 Romania 20 July 1992
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 July 1992.[52]
  • Both countries are full members of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
 Russia
Main article: Russia–Tajikistan relations
Embassy of Tajikistan in Moscow

Until 2005, Russia had 11,000 border guards manning the Tajik frontier with Afghanistan. In September 2012, and after months of negotiating, Russia and Tajikistan have reached an agreement on what Russia will pay for its bases in Tajikistan and extended the lease to 20 or 29 years. The bases are used for 9,000 Russian troops of the 201st Motor Rifle Division. The new deal with Tajikistan makes it worthwhile for Russia to upgrade the four army camps and one air base they occupy. To get the long lease, Russia agreed to sell Tajikistan weapons and military equipment at a sharp discount and train Tajik officers in Russian schools, for free, for the duration of the deal. Tajikistan also promises to help keep the heroin out of Russia.[53]

 Serbia 9 September 1995
  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations on 9 September 1995, Tajikistan strongly supports Serbia in Kosovo issue.[54]
  • In 2011, the total trade value amounted EUR 5,64 million.[54]
 South Africa 5 May 1992

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 May 1992.[55]

 South Korea

From 1992 to 1993 South Korea has provided Tajikistan with $50,000 worth of aid and with $500,000 worth of equipment during the Afghanistan crisis.[56]

 Spain 4 August 1992
  • Spain is accredited to Tajikistan from its embassy in Astana, Kazakhstan.
  • Tajikistan is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Geneva, Switzerland.
  Switzerland 9 December 1992
 Syria 1992

Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1992.

  • Syria is accredited to Tajikistan through its embassy in Moscow.
  • Tajikistan is accredited to Syria through its embassy in Tehran.
 Turkey Jan. 29, 1992[58]
Main article: Tajikistan–Turkey relations
 Ukraine 24 April 1993
Main article: Tajikistan–Ukraine relations
 United Kingdom 15 January 1992

Tajikistan established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 15 January 1992.[citation needed]

  • Tajikistan maintains an embassy in London.[60]
  • The UK maintains an embassy in Dushanbe.[61]

Both countries share common membership of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.

 United States
Main article: Tajikistan–United States relations
Embassy of Tajikistan in Washington, D.C.

U.S.-Tajik relations have developed considerably since the September 11 attacks. The two countries now have a broad-based relationship, cooperating in such areas as counter-narcotics, counter-terrorism, non-proliferation, and regional growth and stability. In light of the Russian border forces' withdrawal from the Tajik-Afghan border, the U.S. Government leads an international donor effort to enhance Tajikistan's territorial integrity, prevent the transit of narcotics and material or technology related to weapons of mass destruction (WMD), and support a stable, peaceful Tajikistan in order to prevent the spread of influence and activities of radical groups and terrorists.

 Uzbekistan 22 October 1992
Main article: Tajikistan–Uzbekistan relations
 Vietnam 14 July 1992
  • Tajikistan is accredited to Vietnam through its embassy in Beijing, China.[64][65]
  • Vietnam is accredited to Tajikistan through its embassy in Moscow, Russia.

Inter-governmental organisation membership

[edit]

Tajikistan is a member of the following international organisations:

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "Tajikistan". U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets. United States Department of State.. State.gov (2010-09-22). Retrieved on 2010-10-21.

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